Research Article

Porous Hydroxyapatite Bioscaffolds via Hybrid FDM-DLP 3D Printing with Porogen Engineering

Yu-Sheng Tseng 1, Wei-Hsi Chang 1 2 3, Yu-Jui Cheng 1, Chih-Kuang Wang 4, Wen-Fan Chen 2 *
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1 Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan2 Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung 80284, Taiwan3 Department of Emergency Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan4 Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan* Corresponding Author
International Journal of Clinical Medicine and Bioengineering, 4(3), 2024, 1-10, https://doi.org/10.35745/ijcmb2024v04.03.0001
Submitted: 03 February 2024, Published: 19 July 2024
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ABSTRACT

Porous hydroxyapatite (HA) bioscaffolds were successfully fabricated using a hybrid 3D printing approach that integrates fused deposition modeling (FDM) and digital light processing (DLP) technologies, with porogen additions ranging from 10 to 30%.  HA was used as the primary scaffold material, while Pluronic F-127 (PF-127) served as the binder. To enhance porosity, NaCl, NaHCO3, and PF-127 were incorporated as porogens. The results demonstrated that NaCl was inappropriate as a porogen, as it caused a complete fracture of the bioscaffolds after sintering. Similarly, NaHCO3 altered the crystalline structure and reduced structural stability. In contrast, PF-127 effectively enhanced porosity and maintained scaffold integrity when added at concentrations up to 30%.  Porosity analysis results revealed that bioscaffolds containing PF-127 exhibited a total porosity ranging from 46.90 to 64.79%, while hardness decreased from 1.69 GPa (without porogen) to 0.47 GPa at 20% PF-127. Degradation studies in simulated body fluid (SBF) showed that bioscaffolds without porogens exhibited a steady weight increase due to apatite deposition.  However, bioscaffolds containing PF-127 exhibited weight fluctuations, resulting from an increased degradation rate balanced by apatite formation on the scaffold surface. The low degradation rate and well-developed porous structure of the fabricated HA bioscaffolds make them promising candidates for drug delivery applications.
Keywords: Bioceramic, Hydroxyapatite, Porogen, 3D printing, FDM, DLP

CITATION (APA)

Tseng, Y.-S., Chang, W.-H., Cheng, Y.-J., Wang, C.-K., & Chen, W.-F. (2024). Porous Hydroxyapatite Bioscaffolds via Hybrid FDM-DLP 3D Printing with Porogen Engineering. International Journal of Clinical Medicine and Bioengineering, 4(3), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.35745/ijcmb2024v04.03.0001

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